How many ml can a shot glass hold? 2022 Detailed Guide

How many ml can a shot glass hold? 2022 Detailed Guide

• What is the volume of liquid in a shot glass?
• How much liquid is in a shot glass?
• How many ml are there in a shot glass?
• What is the volume of a shot glass in milliliters?
• How many milliliters are there in a single measure?
• How many ml in a single measure?

Related Articles on how many ml can a shot glass hold?

• How many ml in a shot? Standard Shot Size | Drinking limit
• How Many Teaspoons In A Tablespoon: Teaspoon to Tablespoon
• How Many Ounces in A Cup: Liquid and Dry Conversions?
• Conversion of Units: How Many Teaspoons Is In A Tablespoon?

How many ml can a shot glass hold?

Knowing how to measure shot glasses is essential, especially if you’re planning on serving cocktail drinks to your pals.

How much liquid can a shot glass hold? We’ll let you know right away.

Did you know that the amount of alcohol in a shot differs depending on where you live? In comparison to other beverage glasses used around the world, shot glasses usually have a smaller volume.

They’re usually formed of translucent glass and have broad bottoms that take up nearly a quarter of the object’s length.

The glass base has a smaller diameter than the open mouth, giving the structure a slightly conical form.

Shot glasses come in a variety of shapes nowadays. Several more versions have been produced, ranging from a perfect circular shape to square shapes, which you can purchase to make your indoor bar collection a stunning sight to behold.

Measuring a Shot in ML – How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

According to the National Institute of Health, the typical shot size in the United States is 1.5 fluid ounces or 44 ml. This measurement is also known as a “jigger.”

This is not an absolute rule, as shot glasses vary in size based on the type of glass used.

Full shot glass in certain countries contains only one fluid ounce (30 ml).

Russia reigns supreme over the world’s shot glasses with 1.7 fl oz, or 50 ml, in a shot.

See how many ml a shot glass can hold in different countries: How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Country	Ml in a shot	Fl Oz in a shot	U.S. Tbsp in a shot
Australia	30	1	2
Canada	44	1.5	3
Germany	20	0.7	1 ½
India	30	1	2
Ireland	35.5	1.2	2 ½
Italy	40	1.4	2 ½
Japan	30	1	2
Russia	50	1.7	3 ½
Sweden	40	1.4	1 ½
South Africa	25	0.8	1 ½
United Kingdom	25	0.8	1 ½
United States	44	1.5	3

 

What Is A Shot Glass? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

A shot glass is used to carry alcoholic beverages that are consumed in one gulp, such as vodka or tequila.

The little glass has a thick glass bottom that prevents it from breaking when banged against the table.

For distilleries and hotels, shot glasses are wonderful marketing tools and products.

Similarly, they are popular collections, souvenirs, and even gifts, and they can even be customized with amusing images.

Name Origin – How many ml can a shot glass hold?

Although no one knows where the phrase “shot glass” originated, it has been in use since the 1940s.

Some claim it originated in the Old West when cowboys used to pay for whiskey shots by trading bullets with the bartender.

Another hypothesis was that the name was derived from Friedrich Otto “Schott,” the founder of a shot glass manufacturer.

Not only in cocktails but also in cooking and coffee making, the term “shot” is now widely employed as a unit of measurement.

It refers to the adding of a single measure of an ingredient to a recipe; thus, a “shot.”

What Are The Different Types Of Shot Glasses Available? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Before you can learn how much ml a shot glass can hold, you must first understand the various glass styles available on the market.

As a result, we’ll begin with a traditional design and the different glass structures/sizes out there.

1. Single glass

During a single-serve, the single-shot glasses are used when you request a complete ML in a shot.

2. Cheater glass

Cheater glasses, as the name implies, give the impression of having more drink although they only contain two-thirds of the shot volume.

3. Pony Glass

These glasses have a one-ounce capacity and can only handle a modest amount of alcohol.

4. Fluted glass

This glass style can be thought of as a miniature version of wine glasses. Except for the stemmed flute at the end, the glass volume stays universal.

5. Rounded Glass

The glass’s inside wall slopes downwards near the base, but the exterior wall remains straight.

6. Tall Shot Glass

This style does not require an explanation because it is obvious that the glasses are taller than other types.

Shot glasses are often composed of transparent glass with thick bottoms that take up nearly a quarter of the length of the object.

There are two types of shots

• Single Shot

In the United States, a single shot weighs 1.5 fl oz. One fluid ounce per shot is a standard measurement in some countries.

• Double Shot

It’s not entirely incorrect to presume this is three ounces of whiskey; nonetheless, anything more than two ounces is termed a double shot.

3 Ways to Measure a Shot Glass

• The 4-Count Approach

Learning how to pour liquor using the four-count method is a terrific way to get started. This is a simple procedure that many bartenders utilize in places where they are allowed to pour freely.

Pour while counting to four, or half a shot for each count.

Practice by pouring some water and counting to four, then pouring whatever you’ve poured back into a glass to see whether your estimate is true.

It will take some practice, but you should be able to master this ability in less than 30 minutes.

• Measuring Spoons

It’s far easier to use measuring spoons, but it doesn’t seem quite as spectacular.

To make one shot, simply take out your normal measuring spoons and measure three tablespoons.

• Medicine Cups

When it comes to measuring spirits, an old medicine cup from your last headache will suffice.

Simply line up the liquid with the measuring cup, and you’re ready to go.

Things to Consider When Measuring a Shot

Shot Glass Size

The size of the glass used determines the measurement. Some shot glasses are one fluid ounce in size, while others are 1.5 ounces. How many shots are there in a liter of bourbon?

The Country

The normal shot glass in the United States holds 1.5 ounces.

In Australia, Japan, and India, the little pony, which weighs exactly one fluid ounce, is preferred

In Russia, a larger glass holds 1.7 ounces, but in the United Kingdom, each shot is just 34 milliliters or 25 milliliters.

What Kinds Of Drinks Are Served in Them?

To figure out ‘How many ml can a shot glass hold,’ you must first study the different drinks that can be served in a shot glass.

In these cups, vodka and tequila were usually served.

Bartenders are now offering numerous cocktails in shot glasses, which vary from one club to the next, thanks to new inventions.

So, to give you a quick rundown of the cocktails you can serve in shot glasses at home, here is a little list.

• Lemon drop, created with citron, lemon juice, syrup, and a lemon slice for garnish.
• The Kamikaze cocktail consists of vodka, triple sec, lemon juice, and a wedged lime.
• Jello shots, in which the jello is constructed up of layers of vodka and gelatin.
• Rum, lemon juice, pineapple juice, and blue curacao are used to make a liquid marijuana cocktail.
• B-52 is created with coffee, Irish cream, and Baileys or orange liquor.
• Fireball whiskey, rum, and cinnamon powder mixed with granular sugar can be used to make a cinnamon crunch shot.
• Smoked single malt whiskey and pine syrup were used in the forest fire shots.
• To make the Girl Scout shot, combine peppermint schnapps, whipped cream vodka, and chocolate liquor.

Shot glasses are currently used by bartenders to serve a variety of cocktails, which differ from one club to the next.

How Does the Volume Of A Shot Measure? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Many individuals wonder why they should use measurements while serving drinks in shot glasses because the cups are usually small and pouring the alcohol in them is simple.

So, why is it necessary to know how many ML are in a shot glass?

To answer your query, ‘how much volume is a shot,’ it’s critical to measure the contents of shot glasses before pouring liquids or cocktails into them.

Even though the shot glasses appear to be nearly identical, their sizes and capacities differ. Furthermore, the volumes differ by country.

As a result, you must be aware of precise measurements, such as how many ML equals one shot, to prevent making mistakes when constructing a cocktail. Second, shots are often served in two sizes: full and half shots.

If you know the capacity of the shot glasses, you can use the jiggers to precisely measure the liquids if you’re making a cocktail and want to serve it in the shot glasses.

The jiggers are constructed of steel or copper and have two hollow cups connected in the center by a pinched neck.

Each measuring jigger has a varied capacity, and you must use the jigger that corresponds to the measurement of the cocktail ingredient.

How many ml can a shot glass hold?

A shot glass’s typical measurement is either in ounces or milliliters (ml). The normal glass size, however, is not universal.

Rather, it varies from country to country, depending on government regulations governing the liquor sector.

This is why it’s critical to understand that 1 shot equals how many ML or how many ML can be served in a shot glass.

The minimum drink volume that can be served in a shot glass is twenty milliliters (20 ml), while the maximum is sixty milliliters (60 ml).

The standard capacity, depending on the country, fall between these two extremes.

So, here’s a quick list of countries and their standard shot glass capacities (in milliliters).

• Only Germany uses twenty-milliliter shot glasses.
• The cocktails are served in twenty-five-milliliter cups in France and South Africa.
• In India, Australia, and the United States, thirty milliliters of shot glass ML are used.
• Countries such as the United Kingdom utilize shot glasses with a capacity of 35 milliliters.
• In bars and pubs in Italy and Sweden, forty-milliliter glasses are more frequent.
• To serve the cocktail shots in Japan, a sixty-milliliter glass is used.

How Do You Pick the Ideal Shot Glasses? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

After learning how many ml can a shot glass hold, our final talk will focus on assisting you in choosing the best glass set for your indoor bar cabinet.

So, let’s have a look at what you should think about while buying a shot glass set.

1. Cost

Your initial task will be to determine a price range for the glasses, after which you will select a design.

2. Design

As previously said, there are six different varieties of shot glasses available on the market. So, while choosing a set, make sure to keep the design in mind so that you may create a stunning collection for your bar cabinet.

3. Capacity

In a shot glass, you’ll need the exact amount of milliliters. As previously stated, the volume of the glasses differs depending on the country.

First, check the stores to see what volumes are available, and then place your order. This will assist you in determining the volume of a shot.

4. A wide range of options

Shot glasses don’t have the same appeal as wine or beer glasses. As a result, if you’re planning to stock your indoor bar cabinet with these glasses, make sure to mix them up.

5. Brand

The shot glasses come in a variety of brands, ensuring that you have a diverse assortment of high-quality glasses.

FAQs

Is a shot glass 30 milliliters? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

This Pasabahce 30ml Boston shot glass is ideal for high-volume serving. The price of a single glass is $1.41; the total carton price is computed at checkout.

How many ml is a shot glass in the United Kingdom? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

25ml

What is a Shot Glass?

COUNTRY	SMALL SHOT	SINGLE SHOT
UK		25ml or 35ml
US/Canada	30ml (1USoz)	44ml (1.5USoz)
Ireland		35.5ml
Australia/New Zealand		30ml

 

How many ml is a shot? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

44 milliliters

How many ml are in a shot of alcohol? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is considered a shot.

How many ounces does a shot glass hold? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

1.5 ounces

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is allowed in a shot glass.

How many ml is a full shot glass? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

44 milliliters

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is served in a shot glass.

How many shots to get drunk for the first time – tequila, whiskey, vodka, rum, weight, woman

After three to four shots, most people become inebriated; however, if the person involved is small in stature, this influence can occur more quickly.

How many shots in 750ml

750 ml =

16.9070114 shots

1 shot of alcohol equals

1.5 fluid ounces

A standard drink, or a shot, of whiskey, gin, vodka, or brandy is 1.5 fluid ounces

What is the ml of a shot of tequila?

Except in Utah, where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz, there is no standard size for a single shot (44.4 ml).

The standard size in other parts of the United States is 1.25–1.5 US fl oz (37–44 ml).

What is the double shot glass?

In the United States, a double shot might be 2 fluid ounces or more.

However, in much of the United States, 1.5 US fl oz of 40% A.B.V spirit is the standard, with 1.5 US fl oz of 40% A.B.V spirit having the same amount of alcohol as 12 US fl oz of 5% beer and 5 US fl oz of 12% wine.

Final Words on How many ml can a shot glass hold?

It’s not easy to find glasses for different types of alcohol.

When it comes to shot glasses, however, the task gets even more complex, leading to buyer uncertainty.

Knowing how many ml a shot glass can hold will aid you in the selection process.

Knowing how many milliliters are in a shot glass will aid you in the selection process.

You can also include cups of various sizes so that you can serve both light and heavy drinkers according to their preferences.

How many ml can a shot glass hold?

Knowing how to measure shot glasses is essential, especially if you’re planning on serving cocktail drinks to your pals.

How much liquid can a shot glass hold? We’ll let you know right away.

Did you know that the amount of alcohol in a shot differs depending on where you live? In comparison to other beverage glasses used around the world, shot glasses usually have a smaller volume.

They’re usually formed of translucent glass and have broad bottoms that take up nearly a quarter of the object’s length.

The glass base has a smaller diameter than the open mouth, giving the structure a slightly conical form.

Shot glasses come in a variety of shapes nowadays. Several more versions have been produced, ranging from a perfect circular shape to square shapes, which you can purchase to make your indoor bar collection a stunning sight to behold.

Measuring a Shot in ML – How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

According to the National Institute of Health, the typical shot size in the United States is 1.5 fluid ounces or 44 milliliters.

This measurement is also known as a “jigger.”

This is not an absolute rule, as shot glasses vary in size based on the type of glass used.

Full shot glass in certain countries contains only one fluid ounce (30 ml).

Russia reigns supreme over the world’s shot glasses with 1.7 fl oz, or 50 ml, in a shot.

See how many ml a shot glass can hold in different countries: How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Country	Ml in a shot	Fl Oz in a shot	U.S. Tbsp in a shot
Australia	30	1	2
Canada	44	1.5	3
Germany	20	0.7	1 ½
India	30	1	2
Ireland	35.5	1.2	2 ½
Italy	40	1.4	2 ½
Japan	30	1	2
Russia	50	1.7	3 ½
Sweden	40	1.4	1 ½
South Africa	25	0.8	1 ½
United Kingdom	25	0.8	1 ½
United States	44	1.5	3

 What Is A Shot Glass? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

A shot glass is used to carry alcoholic beverages that are consumed in one gulp, such as vodka or tequila.

The little glass has a thick glass bottom that prevents it from breaking when banged against the table.

For distilleries and hotels, shot glasses are wonderful marketing tools and products.

Similarly, they are popular collections, souvenirs, and even gifts, and they can even be customized with amusing images.

Name Origin – How many ml can a shot glass hold?

Although no one knows where the phrase “shot glass” originated, it has been in use since the 1940s.

Some claim it originated in the Old West when cowboys used to pay for whiskey shots by trading bullets with the bartender.

Another hypothesis was that the name was derived from Friedrich Otto “Schott,” the founder of a shot glass manufacturer.

Not only in cocktails but also in cooking and coffee making, the term “shot” is now widely employed as a unit of measurement.

It refers to the adding of a single measure of an ingredient to a recipe; thus, a “shot.”

What Are The Different Types Of Shot Glasses Available? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Before you can learn how much ml a shot glass can hold, you must first understand the various glass styles available on the market.

As a result, we’ll begin with a traditional design and the different glass structures/sizes out there.

1. Single glass

During a single-serve, the single-shot glasses are used when you request a complete ML in a shot.

2. Cheater glass

Cheater glasses, as the name implies, give the impression of having more drink although they only contain two-thirds of the shot volume.

3. Pony Glass

These glasses have a one-ounce capacity and can only handle a modest amount of alcohol.

4. Fluted glass

This glass style can be thought of as a miniature version of wine glasses. Except for the stemmed flute at the end, the glass volume stays universal.

5. Rounded Glass

The glass’s inside wall slopes downwards near the base, but the exterior wall remains straight.

6. Tall Shot Glass

This style does not require an explanation because it is obvious that the glasses are taller than other types.

Shot glasses are often composed of transparent glass with thick bottoms that take up nearly a quarter of the length of the object.

There are two types of shots

• Single Shot

In the United States, a single shot weighs 1.5 fl oz. One fluid ounce per shot is a standard measurement in some countries.

• Double Shot

It’s not entirely incorrect to presume this is three ounces of whiskey; nonetheless, anything more than two ounces is termed a double shot.

3 Ways to Measure a Shot Glass

• The 4-Count Approach

Learning how to pour liquor using the four-count method is a terrific way to get started. This is a simple procedure that many bartenders utilize in places where they are allowed to pour freely.

Pour while counting to four, or half a shot for each count.

Practice by pouring some water and counting to four, then pouring whatever you’ve poured back into a glass to see whether your estimate is true.

It will take some practice, but you should be able to master this ability in less than 30 minutes.

• Measuring Spoons

It’s far easier to use measuring spoons, but it doesn’t seem quite as spectacular.

To make one shot, simply take out your normal measuring spoons and measure three tablespoons.

• Medicine Cups

When it comes to measuring spirits, an old medicine cup from your last headache will suffice.

Simply line up the liquid with the measuring cup, and you’re ready to go.

Things to Consider When Measuring a Shot

Shot Glass Size

The size of the glass used determines the measurement. Some shot glasses are one fluid ounce in size, while others are 1.5 ounces. How many shots are there in a liter of bourbon?

The Country

The normal shot glass in the United States holds 1.5 ounces.

In Australia, Japan, and India, the little pony, which weighs exactly one fluid ounce, is preferred

In Russia, a larger glass holds 1.7 ounces, but in the United Kingdom, each shot is just 34 milliliters or 25 milliliters.

What Kinds Of Drinks Are Served in Them?

To figure out ‘How many ml can a shot glass hold,’ you must first study the different drinks that can be served in a shot glass.

In these cups, vodka and tequila were usually served.

Bartenders are now offering numerous cocktails in shot glasses, which vary from one club to the next, thanks to new inventions.

So, to give you a quick rundown of the cocktails you can serve in shot glasses at home, here is a little list.

• Lemon drop, created with citron, lemon juice, syrup, and a lemon slice for garnish.
• The Kamikaze cocktail consists of vodka, triple sec, lemon juice, and a wedged lime.
• Jello shots, in which the jello is constructed up of layers of vodka and gelatin.
• Rum, lemon juice, pineapple juice, and blue curacao are used to make a liquid marijuana cocktail.
• B-52 is created with coffee, Irish cream, and Baileys or orange liquor.
• Fireball whiskey, rum, and cinnamon powder mixed with granular sugar can be used to make a cinnamon crunch shot.
• Smoked single malt whiskey and pine syrup were used in the forest fire shots.
• To make the Girl Scout shot, combine peppermint schnapps, whipped cream vodka, and chocolate liquor.

Shot glasses are currently used by bartenders to serve a variety of cocktails, which differ from one club to the next.

How Does the Volume Of A Shot Measure? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

Many individuals wonder why they should use measurements while serving drinks in shot glasses because the cups are usually small and pouring the alcohol in them is simple.

So, why is it necessary to know how many ML are in a shot glass?

To answer your query, ‘how much volume is a shot,’ it’s critical to measure the contents of shot glasses before pouring liquids or cocktails into them.

Even though the shot glasses appear to be nearly identical, their sizes and capacities differ. Furthermore, the volumes differ by country.

As a result, you must be aware of precise measurements, such as how many ML equals one shot, to prevent making mistakes when constructing a cocktail. Second, shots are often served in two sizes: full and half shots.

How many ml can a shot glass hold in 2022

If you know the capacity of the shot glasses, you can use the jiggers to precisely measure the liquids if you’re making a cocktail and want to serve it in the shot glasses.

The jiggers are constructed of steel or copper and have two hollow cups connected in the center by a pinched neck.

Each measuring jigger has a varied capacity, and you must use the jigger that corresponds to the measurement of the cocktail ingredient.

How many ml can a shot glass hold?

A shot glass’s typical measurement is either in ounces or milliliters (ml). The normal glass size, however, is not universal.

Rather, it varies from country to country, depending on government regulations governing the liquor sector.

This is why it’s critical to understand that 1 shot equals how many ML or how many ML can be served in a shot glass.

The minimum drink volume that can be served in a shot glass is twenty milliliters (20 ml), while the maximum is sixty milliliters (60 ml).

The standard capacity, depending on the country, fall between these two extremes.

So, here’s a quick list of countries and their standard shot glass capacities (in milliliters).

• Only Germany uses twenty-milliliter shot glasses.
• The cocktails are served in twenty-five-milliliter cups in France and South Africa.
• In India, Australia, and the United States, thirty milliliters of shot glass ML are used.
• Countries such as the United Kingdom utilize shot glasses with a capacity of 35 milliliters.
• In bars and pubs in Italy and Sweden, forty-milliliter glasses are more frequent.
• To serve the cocktail shots in Japan, a sixty-milliliter glass is used.

How Do You Pick the Ideal Shot Glasses? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

After learning how many ml can a shot glass hold, our final talk will focus on assisting you in choosing the best glass set for your indoor bar cabinet.

So, let’s have a look at what you should think about while buying a shot glass set.

1. Cost

Your initial task will be to determine a price range for the glasses, after which you will select a design.

2. Design

As previously said, there are six different varieties of shot glasses available on the market. So, while choosing a set, make sure to keep the design in mind so that you may create a stunning collection for your bar cabinet.

3. Capacity

In a shot glass, you’ll need the exact amount of milliliters. As previously stated, the volume of the glasses differs depending on the country.

First, check the stores to see what volumes are available, and then place your order. This will assist you in determining the volume of a shot.

4. A wide range of options

Shot glasses don’t have the same appeal as wine or beer glasses. As a result, if you’re planning to stock your indoor bar cabinet with these glasses, make sure to mix them up.

5. Brand

The shot glasses come in a variety of brands, ensuring that you have a diverse assortment of high-quality glasses.

FAQs

Is a shot glass 30 milliliters? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

This Pasabahce 30ml Boston shot glass is ideal for high-volume serving. The price of a single glass is $1.41; the total carton price is computed at checkout.

How many ml is a shot glass in the United Kingdom? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

25ml

What is a Shot Glass?

COUNTRY	SMALL SHOT	SINGLE SHOT
UK		25ml or 35ml
US/Canada	30ml (1USoz)	44ml (1.5USoz)
Ireland		35.5ml
Australia/New Zealand		30ml

How many ml is a shot? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

44 milliliters

How many ml are in a shot of alcohol? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is considered a shot.

How many ounces does a shot glass hold? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

1.5 ounces

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is allowed in a shot glass.

How many ml is a full shot glass? How Many Ml Can a Shot Glass Hold?

44 milliliters

In the United States, 1.5 ounces (44 milliliters) of liquor is served in a shot glass.

How many shots to get drunk for the first time – tequila, whiskey, vodka, rum, weight, woman

After three to four shots, most people become inebriated; however, if the person involved is small in stature, this influence can occur more quickly.

How many shots in 750ml

750 ml =

16.9070114 shots

1 shot of alcohol equals

1.5 fluid ounces

A standard drink, or a shot, of whiskey, gin, vodka, or brandy is 1.5 fluid ounces

What is the ml of a shot of tequila?

Except in Utah, where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz, there is no standard size for a single shot (44.4 ml).

The standard size in other parts of the United States is 1.25–1.5 US fl oz (37–44 ml).

What is the double shot glass?

In the United States, a double shot might be 2 fluid ounces or more.

However, in much of the United States, 1.5 US fl oz of 40% A.B.V spirit is the standard, with 1.5 US fl oz of 40% A.B.V spirit having the same amount of alcohol as 12 US fl oz of 5% beer and 5 US fl oz of 12% wine.

Final Words on How many ml can a shot glass hold?

It’s not easy to find glasses for different types of alcohol.

When it comes to shot glasses, however, the task gets even more complex, leading to buyer uncertainty.

Knowing how many ml a shot glass can hold will aid you in the selection process.

Knowing how many milliliters are in a shot glass will aid you in the selection process.

You can also include cups of various sizes so that you can serve both light and heavy drinkers according to their preferences.